Diabetic Retinopathy is a condition that occurs in people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. High blood sugar over time damages the small blood vessels in the retina leading to vision changes.

Symptoms

• Blurry or fluctuating vision

• Floaters

• Dark or missing areas in vision

When to call

• Any new vision changes if you have diabetes

• New floaters or sudden vision loss

Treatment
Monitoring, injections, laser treatment, and surgery when needed.

A condition affecting the macula, the part of the retina responsible for sharp central vision.

There are two forms of macular degeneration:

Dry Macular Degeneration

• Most common form

• Gradual thinning of the macula

• Vision slowly becomes less sharpDifficulty reading

Wet Macular Degeneration

• Less common but more serious

• Abnormal blood vessels grow and leak

• Can cause rapid vision loss

When to call

• New distortion or central vision changes

Treatment
Monitoring, vitamins (selected cases), and injections for both dry and wet macular degeneration.

Retinal Vein Occlusion occurs when a vein in the retina becomes blocked.

What Happens

• Blood flow is disrupted

• Fluid leaks into the retina

• Vision becomes blurred or decreased

Symptoms

• Sudden blurry or dim vision

• Usually in one eye

Treatment

• Injections to reduce swelling

• Laser in some cases

• Monitoring for complications

A serious emergency where the retina separates from the back of the eye.

Symptoms

• Flashes of light

• Sudden increase in floaters

• Curtain or shadow over vision

When to call

• Immediately — same day evaluation is critical

Treatment
Urgent surgical repair.

A Macular Hole is a small break or opening that develops in the very center of your vision. This is typically caused by the vitreous gel inside the eye pulling away from the retina as we age, eventually creating a tiny tear.

• Symptoms: A "blind spot" or dark patch in your central vision, or a significant decrease in the ability to see fine detail.

• Our Approach: Macular holes do not heal on their own and require surgical intervention. We perform a Vitrectomy with Internal Limiting Membrane (ILM) peeling. By removing the microscopic tension around the hole and placing a temporary gas bubble, we provide the "scaffold" necessary for the hole to close and for vision to stabilize.

An Epiretinal Membrane is a thin, transparent layer of scar tissue that forms over the surface of the macula. Think of it like a piece of clear plastic wrap that has become wrinkled; as the membrane contracts, it "puckers" the retina underneath.

• Symptoms: Blurred central vision or metamorphopsia (where straight lines, like door frames or lines of text, appear wavy or distorted).

• Our Approach: Using advanced OCT imaging, we map the thickness of the membrane. If the distortion affects your quality of life, we perform a Membrane Peel, a microscopic procedure to gently remove the scar tissue and allow the retina to flatten and "smooth out" again.

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy is a condition where fluid builds up under the retina.

What Happens

• Fluid leaks beneath the macula

• Causes temporary distortion of vision

Symptoms

• Blurry or dim vision

• Objects may appear smaller or distorted

Management

• Often resolves on its own

• Monitoring is key

• Treatment if persistent

Sickle Cell Retinopathy occurs in patients with sickle cell disease.

What Happens

• Abnormal blood cells block retinal vessels

• Can lead to poor blood flow and new vessel growth

Symptoms

• Often silent early

• Can progress to vision loss if untreated

Treatment

• Monitoring

• Laser or surgery if advanced

Uveitis is inflammation inside the eye.

What Happens

• The immune system causes inflammation

• Can affect different parts of the eye

Symptoms

• Eye redness

• Pain

• Light sensitivity

• Blurred vision

Treatment

• Anti-inflammatory medications

• Treatment of underlying cause

Endophthalmitis is a serious infection inside the eye.

What Happens

• Bacteria or fungi enter the eye

• Rapid inflammation and damage

Symptoms

• Severe pain

• Vision loss

• Redness

Treatment

• Emergency care

• Injections of antibiotics

• Sometimes surgery

Inherited Retinal Disease includes a group of genetic conditions that affect the retina.

Examples

• Retinitis pigmentosa

• Cone-rod dystrophy

Symptoms

• Night vision problems

• Loss of peripheral vision

• Gradual vision decline

Management

• Genetic evaluation

• Monitoring

• Supportive care and emerging therapies